Guerre et paix
Léon Tolstoï (1828-1910) "En 1808, l'Empereur Alexandre se rendit à Erfurth pour avoir avec Napoléon une nouvelle entrevue, dont la pompe solennelle défraya longtemps les conversations des cercles aristocratiques de Pétersbourg. En 1809, l'alliance des « deux arbitres du monde », comme on appelait alors les deux souverains, était si intime, qu'au moment où Napoléon déclara la guerre à l'Autriche, l'Empereur Alexandre décida qu'un corps d'armée russe passerait la frontière pour soutenir Bonaparte, son ennemi d'autrefois, contre son ex-allié l'Empereur d'Autriche, et le bruit courut qu'il était question d'un mariage entre Napoléon et une soeur de l'empereur. En dehors des combinaisons et des éventualités de la politique extérieure, la société russe se préoccupait vivement à cette époque des réformes décrétées dans toutes les parties de l'administration. Cependant, malgré ces graves préoccupations, l'existence de tous les jours, la vraie existence individuelle, avec ses intérêts matériels de santé, de maladie, de travail, et de repos, ses aspirations intellectuelles vers les sciences, la poésie, la musique, ses passions, ses haines, ses amours, et ses amitiés, n'en suivait pas moins son cours habituel, sans s'inquiéter outre mesure du rapprochement ou de la rupture avec Napoléon, ni des grandes réformes entreprises." Tome II
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Léon Tolstoï
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (; Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой, IPA: ; 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1828 – 20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1910), usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential authors of all time.
Born to an aristocratic family, Tolstoy achieved acclaim in his twenties with his semi-autobiographical trilogy, Childhood, Boyhood and Youth (1852–1856), and with Sevastopol Sketches (1855), based on his experiences in the Crimean War. War and Peace (1869), Anna Karenina (1878), and Resurrection (1899), which is based on his "youthful sins", are often cited as pinnacles of realist fiction and three of the greatest novels ever written. His oeuvre includes short stories such as "Alyosha the Pot" (1911) and "After the Ball" (1911) and novellas such as Family Happiness (1859), The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886), The Kreutzer Sonata (1889), The Devil (1911), and Hadji Murat (1912). He also wrote plays and essays concerning philosophical, moral and religious themes.
In the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work Confession (1882). His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894), had a profound impact on such pivotal 20th-century figures as Mahatma Gandhi, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Luther King Jr., and James Bevel. He also became a dedicated advocate of Georgism, the economic philosophy of Henry George, which he incorporated into his writing, particularly in Resurrection.
Tolstoy received praise from countless authors and critics, both during his lifetime and after. Virginia Woolf called Tolstoy "the greatest of all novelists", and Gary Saul Morson referred to War and Peace as the greatest of all novels. He received nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902, and 1909. Tolstoy never being awarded a Nobel Prize remains a major Nobel Prize controversy.
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![ebook cover of Anna Karénine [édition intégrale revue et mise à jour], by Léon Tolstoï](https://mysmartbook.fr/media/7d/3d/57/1775561766/anna-karenine-edition-integrale-revue-et-mise-a-jour-leon-tolstoi-9791023202021-cover.jpg?ts=1790064647 "ebook cover of Anna Karénine [édition intégrale revue et mise à jour], by Léon Tolstoï")
