Johann Adam Mhler was professor theology at the Tübingen University where both Catholics and Protestants taught and studied. In 1832 he published Symbolism; a work that examined the doctrines of original sin, grace and free will as held by the different Christian confessions. It caused a storm of controversy in the Protestant nations of Europe. In it he turned the weapons furnished by Hegel, the Protestant Aquinas, against Protestantism. His method and style were supported by the use of facts, texts, and documents. By 1838 Symbolism had been translated to 8 languages and its author had died before he completed its 5th edition. In an age when the Catholic Church found itself divided into two camps, the German and the Roman, Dllinger, a former pupil of Mhler's, when addressing a group of scholars at Munich in 1863 once famously quipped that the former were defending Catholicism with rifles while the latter were still using bows and arrows. The Romans, however, would succeed in silencing thier German brethren at the First Vatican Council and cut off a branch bearing good fruit. A rediscovery of the German school is long overdue and there is no better place to start than Mhler's Symbolism.
